Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. Confusion. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). It is typically consumed in pill form. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. Train your body to associate the bed with sleeping rather than other activities like studying, eating, or watching television shows. Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. 22. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). The low cost coupled with lower risk of overdose than with opiate drugs is making crystal meth a popular choice among drug users today (NIDA, 2019). The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. Treatment. However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. For example, Hobson (2009) suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness. This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. Obstructive sleep apneaoccurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs. Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. 0. These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. Weakness and fatigue. One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. The FDAs 2013 recommendation for tighter controls on opiate prescriptions left many patients addicted to prescription drugs like OxyContin unable to obtain legitimate prescriptions. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . The pituitary gland also secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic processes (Bartke, Sun, & Longo, 2013). Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. Sleep reboundrefers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, Im in a job where theres a premium on being mentally alert. Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. This is of such concern that people who are trying to overcome addiction to these substances should only do so under medical supervision. Add a comment. Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. Yarmila Falaters body was found in the familys pool with 44 stab wounds. As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? Has something like this ever happened to you? Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. c. are influenced by peer pressure, often leading to unhealthful or unsafe behaviors. Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). Is it absolutely essential that we sleep? This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. Reduced urine. The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. Despite the prevalence of caffeine use and the large number of people who confess to suffering from caffeine addiction, this was the first published description of soda dependence appearing in scientific literature. The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. Common definitions of health include: a. optimal weight and endurance. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. It may surprise you to know that sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks & Dinges, 2007). As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. Keep your bedroom temperature between 60 and 67 degrees. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. Typically, individuals suffering from night terrors will fall back asleep again within a short time. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011).